Describe the characteristics and cause of challenging behaviour Essay

Case study 1 In case study 1 Winston is physically aggressive. However over recent months he has become very withdrawn, extremely grumpy and agitated. In the case study it says how Winston wife known as Ruby was assisting him to get ready for bed when he lasted out punching her in her chest. This shows he has become physically aggressive. The characteristics for his behavioural change, was that he shouts obscenities loudly, especially in the evening before going to bed. The cause of his behaviour is due to the fact he had Alzheimer disease. 1. What type of challenging behaviour is being displayed? The challenging behaviour being displayed is reactive. 2. How do you know this? Describe the characteristics His characteristic of his challenging behaviour is intimidating, aggressive and abusive. I know this because it says in the case study that Winston ‘shouts obscenities loudly, especially in the evening before going to bed, and has now become physically aggressive towards his wife’ another stage that shows his challenging behaviour is when Ruby is assisting him and he lashes out punching her in the chest. 3. What are the causes or triggers?  Winston has Alzheimer Disease. This is a type of dementia. Dementia is a group of symptoms which affects the way the brain functions; this could also affect the way Winston behaves as he could become aggressive. The cause of Winston’s anger is due to his physical illness, (Alzheimer Disease) this makes it difficult for him to do some activities and that’s why he has the help of his wife. Case study 2 Sean’s 21 years old and has been living with his auntie for the past two months because life at home has been very uncertain due to his parents going through a divorce. He does not know his auntie very well and is slightly uncomfortable to talk to her about his personal issues. Sean regularly attends youth club and enjoys meeting his friends from school there. She asks him about his career history and he doesn’t seem to like it as he responds abruptly. He suddenly appears to be very offended by the questions and starts to swear at the support worker repetitively and says ‘what do you need to know this for?’ He gets up and says ‘Forget it’. He starts to walk away while shouting racist comments towards the support worker. 1. What type of challenging behaviour is being displayed? In the case study it says Sean’s, ‘starts to walk away while shouting racist comments towards the support worker.’ This shows that his behaviour is challenging and he shows this verbally. 2. How do you know this? Describe the characteristics I know this because when Sean’s support worker talks to him, he’s response with a short reply, he swears at the support worker over and over asking why the support worker is questioning him. Sean characteristics are intimidating and violent. 3. What are the causes or triggers?  Sean’s behaviour is could be caused due to the fact his mother and father are separated and divorced. Because of this, he may feel unhappy and stressed. When his support worker questions him about his employment history he might have been worried about being judged.

Biography of James Wilson

We are in this world for about 5000 years or more than it. During this period of time, the world has produced many intellectuals, philosophers, musicians, poets and many other professionals. The famous ones left this world, but they leave their accomplishments behind, through which we could produce, some more and brilliant intellectuals of the current age. Intellectualism depends on the inner talent of a person. No one in this world is absolute.Everybody has talent in it; however, some possibly find their inner talent and became famous, while some only keep finding their talent but when discouraged, they leave the struggle to be something in this world. The famous people of the past ages have many discoveries that led to their fame and popularity. This was the beginning of the discoveries of mankind. The ones who used their brain for intellectual and innovative purposes succeeded in turning their dreams into a reality, while some who did not even manage to keep constant check on the discoveries, failed to recover their talent and so their names were swollen by the pages of history.Their names have been lost in the black, white and grayish shades of history. History repeats itself in every form. The way may be different, the idea or the people may be different but history repeats itself in every kind. When a human is welcomed into this world, he has nothing in his hands except a wonderful brain. This brain leads him to victory and defeat. When he comes into the world, he is well known through his brain and talent. Man has always come empty-handed and he leaves too empty-handed. We always discover in this world, because before birth or after death there is nothing.Whatever, whenever we have to do, we do in this world and left our name behind. This is an introduction for the victories and intellectuals of our age. If these would not have used their brains, we would not be able to use or know the technologies. Without the struggle of intellectuals, we would be limi ted under restricted lines, which would always be a wall between our personality and talent. Every country or state has its own constitutional and political history every country in this world fought for independence and some are fighting still now.Every fighting country has brave people with it but it still wants someone to motivate or encourage its people so that it would be easy for them to face circumstances and to remain united. We have many examples of these motivators such as Fidel Castro, M. A Jinnah, Mahatma Gandhi, Hasan Nasrullah and many more freedom fighters that fought until their last breath and gave their people a free and own homeland to live on it. These freedom fighters include an old but a polished name of history, James Wilson, who fought for the independence of Pennsylvania through his talent skills and constitutional experience.The man who succeeded in making a revolution in the minds of American colonists, for Pennsylvania, was James Wilson. He was born in Sc otland on September the 14th, 1742. There is no idea of his primary education, but in Scotland he attended the Universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow and Edinburgh, but did not attain a degree. He did not complete his studies, but soon became a tutor in the College of Philadelphia, from where he received an honorary Masters degree. He was very keenly interested in Law, and in 1767 he was admitted to the bar.He started his Reading practice in 1768 and through his eagerness in this field; he soon became a successful lawyer. By that time he handled nearly half of the country court’s cases. In this period of years, one was the year when he married Rachel Bird. The professional work of James Wilson belonged to the law practices. In 1767 he was admitted to the Bar and was recognized as a member of the Pennsylvania provincial meeting. In 1774 he was appointed to the Committee of Correspondence as well as in 1775 he was elected to the Provincial Congress.In the same year (1775), he was a Commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Cumberland County Battalion, and was also elected to the Continental Congress. He remained there from 1775-77. After three years of this job he became the Director of Bank of North America in the year 1781. Again after three years he became the member of the constitutional convention in the year 1784. His last job was an Associate Justice to the US Supreme Court that lasted between 1789 and 1798. The year 1798 was the last of his life. He died in August 28, 1798 while visiting a close friend.James Wilson’s only reason behind this struggle was to see independent Pennsylvania. He wrote many article, papers and published many pamphlets. He distributed his ideas and theory through the papers in demonstrations or public meetings. He told his speeches to many people. He diverted his ideas and his vision as far as he could. He always opposed ideas or policies, which were against Pennsylvania. Once, he wanted to oppose the constituents for their votes. He was just waiting for a good opportunity, but when the opportunity came, he did not oppose them.Everybody was shocked over this attitude of him, but there was a strategy behind his this act. James Wilson was a mastermind in the constitutional history of Pennsylvania. He was a leader in his field. He fought for the independence of his state. His work was strongly committed to the causes of nationalism. He was a brave and daring leader of his time. He fought for the independence until his last breath. He is still remembered as a great political personality in the world and an independent leader of the world. Here is a speech of this famous struggler and a true freedom fighter.This speech was prepared regarding the problems faced by the people of Pennsylvania. James Wilson, when received the honor to speech in front of his people, he did not even hesitated and told them everything about the current Pennsylvania situation. In the speech he told his people â€Å"The honor which has been given to him, he is thankful to those people for this favor as through this speech he would succeed in giving his views about the new constitution that has been submitted to the kind consideration of the United States.He said that it is a pleasant chance to lay down all the information of the constitution in front of the seniorities of the government. Firstly, he pointed out that the leading discrimination between the State and the United States government should be destroyed because in this way the people choose minorities to take decisions. In this way, there is no proper way of ruling in the country or state. Everyone claims to be a ruler and in this sort of government the people are distributed among many groups, which belong to their own leaders saying that this is the leader. While in a proper governmental system there is a proper way of everything.There are high-ups who make the decisions that what should be done in the country and what should done to curb the probl ems of citizens – by removing this discrimination among the governments. He described that we could make a good government, and people would also believe the government claims if trust worthy people are made the rulers. In this way, the legislature and the judiciary will work more efficiently. It would be better and easier to make decisions. People will be given a chance to vote the one of their choice but if the system of discrimination continues in the governments then it would be impossible to make better governments.He told the people that in this system we would enjoy the privileges that we want. He told the people that there should be a proper way of everything. There should be no separate ruling governments or if it continues then the state would be ruined. He told them not to act towards individualism but to do things which should take all the classes of the country or state together so that if in the future the government is doing wrong, we would be able to fight aga inst it. But if there would be individualism then the people would be distributed in factors and t would be a confusing matter for all to solve the tangled issues.He said that the power of media should be within people. They should be given the rights to say anything they dislike about the government. People should be given rights to participate in media activities such as participating in social and political activities. He said that the freedom of expression should be allowed so that all point of views of people should be listened and lastly a wise decision should be taken. Another objection that he pointed out in the new constitution was the abolishment in civil cases by the jury. He said that the government should be honest in all cases.It should not create differences between the lower and higher economic classes. If this practice continues then the people would be rendered towards individualism and they would be more eager to take decisions by their own. According to this cons titution the courts should not follow the philosophy of equality. In this regard if the people would be moving to the courts to appeal for justice, then the government high ups would register cases upon them and they would be behind the bars just for the sake of justice and equality. He said that all the case files should be closed when the whole court case is finished.It should not be like that by taking bribes the files should be closed and the officials have no records of it. He pressurized people to move to the City courts, when their appeal of justice is not fulfilled they should move to High Courts and if their result is also unsatisfactory then they should move to the Supreme Court. He said that all files of the criminal cases should be preserved for better records. He argued on the constitution by saying that the constitution speaks that in the time of peace the army should stand peacefully and watch the situation of the state or country. He gave examples and proved his fact s.He told the people that the other countries, have their armies activated either it is wartime or in the peace as well. He said that if the army of our country or state is de activated then the other countries would know our intentions and through the slow motion of our country’s army in future we can also be governed by another country. Army of the country should be activated either it is war or peace. Their duty is to protect the borders and prevent any danger from the enemy countries. But if in the peace time they all go to their homes and take rest then who will take care of the borders?In this way the wrong intentions of the enemies will be planned strategically and we would be informed at the eleventh hour, when there would be no chances of saving the nation from the enemies. If the army would be de activated then who will take care of the borders. It should be made the prime duty of the army to report all the activities done on the borderline every hour to the Militar y Head Quarters so that any danger should be prevented before the eleventh hour. He said that the army should be made sole responsible of taking care of borders and they should be made eager to fight for the country.There should be no involvement of the army in social or political affairs of the country. Army should remain in its limits and it should not interfere in the people’s rights or in any of the governmental affairs. People should hold the grip of individualism if there would be any army interference in the public, social or political issues of the country. The next argument of Wilson was that the Senate should be made independent. This is no way that the smallest decision of the Senate should be first cleared by the President and then by the Senate body.If in case of an emergency there is no contact within the President then what will the Senate do? It will wait until there is any contact. He said that if a body has been created to take decisions then it should be ma de so independent to make decision of people within the state. He said that he would discourage the system of this new constitution. He also said that the President should be made aware of the decisions but it should not be like that every decision made by the Senate first needs an approval from the President and then it is forwarded to the people.In this way we would be making an excellent type of dependent and ill-fated government where the Senate and government high-ups are so dependent of each other that they could not even make emergency decision to solve the problems of the state. The next accuse he put on was that the State governments should be brought to a smaller extent. He said that there should be corporations to decide what should be done and what should not be. He argued that people should be made point of attraction and views.He said that the common view of people of wise should be rendered upon the state. There should be one corporation in every state, which will wor k accordingly, if there is problems in the state or if there is peace all around. He said that the corporations should tell people about their new policies so that more and more wiser decisions should be made. He said that these state corporations should take decisions common in public. However, he also argued that there should be elections for those corporations. The president should be chosen from the common people.There should be no daughter or son case of the high ups. The more wiser and honest citizen should be made the president and it depends on the public to vote for whom. Voting on terror basis should not be counted. At last, he said to his fellow citizens that may this constitution meet the needs of our public. In this speech there is no means of my own personal profit. But through this speech I would like to make you all aware of what would have been done with us if there would be no opinions on this new constitution.I think that this constitution would be hardly in favor of public because it serves all the dishonest actions of the high ups, which are not the way to our bright and glimmering future. Conclusion The conclusion of this article can only be this that James Wilson was a great constitutional and governmental fighter for his people. He supported his public until the last if his life. He always wanted a peaceful Pennsylvania. It was because of his struggle that the people of Pennsylvania were so aware of what was going on with them.It has been centuries for Wilson when he left the world but still he is recognized as one of the bravest leaders. References Alexander, Lucien Hugh. James Wilson, nation-builder (1742-1798). Boston: Boston Book Co. 1907. Carl Bridenbaugh. Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625-1742. New York. (1955) Mark David Hall, The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742-1798, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997. Biography of James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/dec laration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007James Wilson http://www. ushistory. org/declaration/signers/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 James Wilson 1742-1798 http://www. jimwilson. com/jw000USA. html Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Biography of James Wilson http://www. let. rug. nl/usa/B/jwilson/wilson. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The speech of James Wilson http://www. constitution. org/afp/jwilson0. htm Accessed, 28 February 2007 The Founders (signers of the DoI) – Forums http://www. pleasedrivethrough. com/forums/index. php? showtopic=1107 Accessed, 28 February 2007

Ten Blessed Companions

10 BLESSED COMPANIONS-ALI(RA) ALI (RA) [J-04] Q Write an account of the following figures during the life of the Prophet (saw): Hamza (ra), Abu Bakr (ra) and Ali (ra). [10-J-11] Q Explain why one of these figures was important in the development of Islamic community. [4-J-11] the son of Ibu Talib, the uncle of the Prophet (saw). from Hashimi family of Quresh and the first cousin of the Prophet (saw). married the youngest daughter of the Prophet (saw), Fatima (ra). father of Hasan (ra) and Hussain (ra). rought up by the Prophet (saw) and Khadija (ra) since he was very young. first child (10 years) who became Muslim. known for his knowledge and bravery. lay on the bed of the Prophet (saw) without any hesitation when the Prophet (saw) migrated to Madina. In the expedition of Khaiber, he was honored by the Prophet (saw) when he fought with the sword of the Prophet (saw) and conquered difficult fortresses. He was titled, Asad Ullah, the lion of Allah. Another title of Ali (ra) is Abu Tura b. In all battles he fought bravely for Islam. n intelligent and a very learned person. Prophet (sw) says: â€Å"I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its door†. He was appointed governor of Yemen in 631. has the honour of giving bath to the dead body of the Prophet (saw) and lay him in the grave. The Prophet (saw) declared him his brother when the brotherhood took place in Madina. He took oath on the caliphates of the first three caliphs an important advisor to all caliphs. 4th Caliph He was assassinated in Kufa in 660 AD, 60 AH among the ten blessed companions

Marketing of service products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing of service products - Essay Example In his book Marketing Management, Philip Kotler (2000), mentioned that 21st century marketing is marked by companies that managed to're-design' all the rules of marketing. In exchange of spending thousands of dollars on expensive market research, those companies took advantage of all their limited resources, producing near to their customers' locations and creating more solutions that are satisfying their customers. "They built customer's clubs, engage in creative public relations, and focus on efforts to produce high quality products and win-over customer's long term loyalty", said Kotler. Those companies have proven that marketing is an ever-developing science, and it has a very important role on deciding the faith of a company There are several definitions of marketing but we can divide them into two important segments, which are social and managerial definition. According to the social definition, marketing is designed to provide customers with products and services they required, thus, several marketers believed that marketing is simply a way of increasing the quality of life. On the other hand, Peter Drucker, as representative of the managerial perspective stated that sales are not the end goal of a marketing process. He stated that the goal of marketing is "to have an understanding of the consumer in such a kind that products meet consumers' needs and sell themselves" (Kotler, 2000). Within this short elaboration, our goal is to describe techniques of marketing services and present a real example of application in a real company. There are several definitions of the core difference between products and services. However, most will focus on the fact that products can be seen and touched prior to purchase, while services cannot. Another obvious difference is the idea that most services require the consumer to be present when the service is performed while products do not. An example is buying a pair of shoes compared to purchasing a hair cut. Nevertheless, many outcome of a company cannot be differentiated as products or services. According to Philip Kotler, the

Strategic change and quality improvement Assignment

Strategic change and quality improvement - Assignment Example 9-10). In a study conducted by Codispoti, Douglas, McCallister, & Zuniga (2004), the use of multidisciplinary teams evidently improved patient care through: improved satisfaction and management of patients; establishment of collaborative teamwork; forging effective team communication; enforcing regular patient monitoring and follow-up; and use of electronic records or other improved patient care systems (Codispoti, Douglas, McCallister, & Zuniga, 2004, p. 201). Still, in another discourse, the use of multidisciplinary teams to improve primary care was also found to be effective (Cote, et al., 2002). In this regard, the current discourse hereby aims to propose the implementation of using multidisciplinary teams in the health care setting. The paper would initially present the rationale for the proposed change; prior to detailing the benefits that the change could generate for the health care institution. Likewise, the group and members who should initiate or lead in the proposed chang e process would be determined and presented in terms of their significant contribution to the recommended transformation. A proposed timeline would also be structured, in conjunction with an evaluation process which aims to determine the gauge or measure for the proposed change’s success. ... Thus, it could be deduced that the symptoms that were initially relayed were addressed; but not comprehensively to encompass other possible avenues for recurrence or deterioration of health conditions. Therefore, rather than seeing just an attending physician to address the illness; it was evident that other members of the professional team could have been needed to provide medical advice and improve patient care. A multidisciplinary team is defined as consisting of â€Å"psychiatrists, clinical nurse specialists/community mental health nurses, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, medical secretaries, and sometimes other disciplines such as counsellors, drama therapists, art therapists, advocacy workers, care workers and possibly others not listed† (College of Psychiatrists of Ireland, n.d., p. 1). The definition was corroborated in the study conducted by Ababat, Asis, Bonus, DePonte, & Pham (2013) who emphasized that â€Å"multidisciplinary care conference s, have been defined as planning and evaluating patient care with health professionals from a variety of other health disciplines. Key activities that can be integrated into interdisciplinary rounds (IDRs) include summarizing patient health data, identifying patient/family problems, defining goals, identifying interventions, discussing progress toward goals, revising goals and plans we needed, generating referrals, reviewing discharge plans, and clarifying responsibilities related to implementation of the plan† (p. 1). As such, the need for multidisciplinary teams have been stressed to encompass a wider scope of patient care through covering varied disciplines and a more comprehensive health care. Concurrently, external factors which support

Behavioral Expectations and Consequences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavioral Expectations and Consequences - Essay Example As Emmer, Evertson, & Worsham (2006) elaborate, students have to train their mental ability to relate and come up with viable explanations, while the teacher may offer warm up questions at the beginning of any period. Each students will then be asked to explain to the class what they think are the happenings in the picture. Each student has to answer. Activity 2. Students will be required to write a story about any social setting that they presume is peaceful, clean and that would enhance harmony and favorable living, whether real or out of their creativity. The teacher will offer the class specific time during the lesson to discuss as a group and then write individual essays after reading through stories of a good and bad communal living or set up. Students will then use the knowledge gained to write their own understanding of what a good place has to be. Emmer, Evertson, & Worsham (2006) argue that students in their early education have to learn to formulate important social proble ms and questions in locating and analyzing important data and knowledge. Such will portray students have a connection with their social and communal environments. Expected Behavior Activity 1 Emmer, Evertson, & Worsham (2006) explains, procedures communicate behavior expectations that apply to specific activity. Students will be required to portray the use of thinking in promoting understanding. Every child will be expected to offer a viable explanation touching on a social issue and elaborate on the possible causes of this issue. The student will be expected to behave confidently, have the courage to speak before other students effectively and portray integration of learned concepts in their arguments. The student though may repeat what their peers say will be expected to offer additional information to portray understanding of certain social issues. The student will be expected to show connection with picture shown in that they will be expected to show interests in diverse social issues and expound on the same. No student will be allowed to sit, refuse to speak, or repeat exactly what their peer say without additional information regarding the social setting as constructed in their minds. Expected Behavior Activity 2 Student will be expected to portray ability to write logical explanations of a social setting. Student will be expected to interact closely in groups and talk with low tones. Students will be expected to ask questions to the teacher whenever they are in doubts or for clarification, and have to participate effectively in these groups. Each student will in addition be expected to have finished by the time the teacher assumes appropriate, and hand in the writing for marking before the class ends. To portray excitement and interests, student will be expected to discuss briefly with their next peers after the teacher collets their books. Out of Class Activity Activity 1 Students will be required to go around their homes or community after school, not e and write down any pollution they observe in these areas. Students will indentify the specific causes of pollution and the possible effects it may have on the environment or people, and how the problem may be solved. Students will particularly be required to detail at least 10 pollution causes as observed in their areas and note how they are caused and how they can be prevented. Students will however not expect to go into much

Sense of self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sense of self - Essay Example It is a blueprint such as a gut check for people to reflect on reason why they respond diversely to distinct situations. The most critical times for sense of self are in problem solving, relationships as well as decision-making. Their self is the first relationship people have. Regularly, others prescribe people’s selfs most undeniably during the young age. Children trust in educators and guardians notifying them who they are to be the good children. Occasionally, they receive information that fail to build them or assist them in trusting in their capabilities. These negative messages obliterate children’s sense of self and they have possibilities of feeling apprehensive and miserable about themselves. They may consider themselves insignificant or not acceptable. Everybody requires having a sense of self that is strong enough to believe in themselves as well as assist others. Just like an enigma, sense of self has various diverse factors integrated to come up with a picture. These factors include self-acquaintance, defectiveness, management and self-consciousness. Self-alertness is a means for people to realize their personal characters, beliefs, value systems, natural proclivity and propensities. Since everyone have their technique of responding to diverse circumstances, generating information as well as learning, it is important to erratically have time to reflect on one’s self to achieve an enhanced insight into themselves. Self-awareness assists people to appreciate themselves better, make modifications and recognize areas for enhancements (Cottle 62). In relation to self-knowledge, everyone is distinctive and nobody is faultless. For people to be conscious of their competence, the foremost step is acknowledging themselves on their weaknesses and strength. The more people comprehend themselves the more effective their growth will become. The third aspect of

(not specific) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(not specific) - Essay Example As more and more people began living in closer proximity to each other with the development of the cities, social interactions changed as well. This included the expected roles of women. This caused a great deal of confusion for young women attempting to find their way in a world under constant change. Young women felt constrained by the traditions of the past yet were aware that they had a chance for a happier, more fulfilling future. These concepts can be discovered in the novels that were written during that time period. The precarious position of young women torn between adhering to ‘traditional family values’ and the more rewarding, less constrained possibilities of the new age is illustrated through such literary characters as Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austin’s novel Pride and Prejudice and Lucy Honeychurch in E.M. Forster’s novel A Room with a View. Although she is aware of how she is expected to behave within polite society, Elizabeth Bennett of Pride and Prejudice doesn’t pay much attention to the social norms when it comes to restricting her true nature. This indicates that she has had a lenient childhood in which her actions have not been restricted or curtailed. There are several examples within the novel where she gives herself the liberty of speaking her own mind. She openly tells Mr. Darcy what she thinks of him before she is fully aware of his character, demonstrating an ‘unladylike’ confidence in her own opinions. Although it does not always help her and is not always shown to be a positive element of her personality, this willful streak also allows her to face down the intimidating Lady Catherine when cornered, â€Å"I am only resolved to act in that manner which will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness without reference to you, or to any person so wholly unconnected with me† (Auste n 307). Elizabeth’s behavior tends to stretch the boundaries of good breeding as even her mother, not the most astute socialite

Organizational challenges & problems Research Paper

Organizational challenges & problems - Research Paper Example This expose elucidates on the five greatest challenges organizations faced during the management of its projects and programs. The greatest challenge an organization may face during the management of a project or a program is a change of the priorities in the organization. It is crucial to point out that, priorities in an organization influence the structuring of objectives in programs and projects. In effect, a shift in organizational priorities challenges the management of ongoing projects. The shifts in the priorities of an organization may be a result of change in top management. On the other hand, an organization may change its objectives and goals and effectively influence a shift in priorities. The second challenge is a result of lack of precision in the scope statement of a project or a program. In this regard, failure to identify the scope of the project by clearly outlining the project goals and key project deliverables poses a challenge towards managing a project or a program in an organization. However, effective prior planning will help in identifying an explicit scope. On the other hand, managers may adopt changes in management in order to redefine the scope in ongoing projects or programs. In the process of implementing and managing a project or a program, changes in the deliverables and scope are inevitable. In effect, managing these changes becomes a challenge to organizations during the implementation and management of projects or programs. Nevertheless, effective management entails considering these changes and planning the update of these changes in the project or program. The fourth challenge organizations faced while managing and implementing a project or a program is a failure to assess and effectively manage risks, which affected the program or project. In this regard, the failure to assess the risks associated with a project meant that the organization risked failing to

A Discussion of the Final Chapter of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

A Discussion of the Final Chapter of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay In the final stages of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, there are many ways in which the author, Robert Louis Stevenson, both explores human nature, and also creates a sense of sympathy on the part of the reader for Dr Henry Jekyll, which could be said to extend to Mr Edward Hyde as well. In reference to the authors exploration of the nature of humanity, the settings of the story itself are very important. Previous to the writing of this story, there had been a firm tradition of horror stories being set exclusively in rural areas, perhaps due to the fact that only a minority of people lived in these areas, and so to those elsewhere it would have seemed far more remote and exotic. Stevensons thriller was ground-breaking in that it focussed its plot in an urban setting, by name London, but also with extraordinary resemblance to Stevensons home city of Edinburgh. This setting reflects the idea of urban expansion into the countryside, but more importantly the more modern appearance of this particular horror story. Because a large majority of the readers of this book would have been living in the city, it brings the story closer to them, and allows them to become more involved in the events of the plot. Stevensons use of the city as the setting for his story also is also representative of early manifestations of writers of this era moving towards using the city as a representation of fear and darkness, rather than its previous role as a deeply romanticized place. In terms of Stevensons investigation of human nature, the proximity of Jekylls laboratory and his fine house is very significant. The laboratory represents, in my opinion, the hidden, secretive side of his life, involving his work, as well his life as Mr Edward Hyde. The fact that this laboratory is so close to Jekylls expensive and upper-class house, representing his professional and social life as a doctor and a well-respected member of society, signifies the proximity of the two parts of his character, in fact their intricate relationship, intertwined and connected in so many different aspects. This idea is also mentioned by Jekyll himself in the final chapter, in his account of events, emphatically saying; It was the curse of mankind that these two incongruous faggots were thus bound together-that in the agonized womb of consciousness, these polar twins should be continuously struggling. I have decided to quote this sentence because I believe it is very revealing about the thorough and primitive duality of man explored in the text. Jekyll talks of incongruous faggots being bound together, meaning that the two elements do not combine, but that they are still as one. The phrase polar twins, is almost a contradiction in terms, and shows that the two elements of Dr Jekylls psyche are both united in their existence, but also that they are totally opposite. The phrase duality of man, used earlier in this chapter, also expresses the idea of two parts to every mind or conscience, an ego and a superego. Mr Edward Hyde is the ego, an utterly self-absorbed being, merely concerned with and conscious of themselves. Dr Jekyll, however, is the superego, the element of the character which socialises the entirety, enabling it to interact with others. No man is complete without both of these parts, and neither can truly exist without the other. However, Jekylls apparent desire to appear arid and utterly professional externally, and his recognition of his chief fault as a certain impatient gaiety of disposition seems to have forced him into a desire to separate the two parts of his character, the superego and the ego. This, in his mind, would allow him to live as two men, but his failure to predict the nature of these two individual characters leads to his suffering and isolation. In the final chapter, his retrospective account, he concedes, all human beings, as we meet them, are commingled out of good and evil: and Edward Hyde, alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil. Stevenson himself shares some parallels with the character of Jekyll. Born into a strictly religious, part of the Calvinist movement, Stevenson grew up with the belief, although possibly inescapable, that there was an underlying and constant presence of sin in everything; every action and every person. This is shown in the character of Henry Jekyll, and the underlying evil that is personified by Edward Hyde. In Jekylls earlier life, he was forced to conceal his pleasures from his family, becoming rebellious against his father, just as Jekyll himself feels urged to do in the story, and from which the beginnings of his familiarity with a double-life or, as he says a profound duplicity of life, can be traced. The context of the story is also important in terms of the sympathy created by the author for Hyde. The period in which the book is set was one of enormous scientific progress and discovery, and in my opinion, this adds a further element to the reasons for a feeling of sympathy for Henry Jekyll. Jekyll himself cites a burning ambition inside himself as being a key reason for his unquenchable thirst to discover the true nature of humanity, and thus his desire to become Hyde. The intensity of the scientific world of the period, and the temptation which face Jekyll after his first experience of the transformation both appear to contribute towards his inability to stop himself becoming Hyde. Jekyll himself seems to realise the responsibility of these factors towards the end of the book, in his account of events. One particular example of this is; Strange as my circumstances were, the terms of this debate are as old and commonplace as man: much the same inducements and alarms cast the die for any tempted and trembling sinner; and it fell out with me, as it falls with so vast a majority of my fellows, that I chose the better part and was found wanting the strength to keep it This clearly shows Jekylls impotence to stop himself from leaning towards the temptation of his new life, and also that this was not a vice exclusive to him as an individual, but that it was something unavoidably and unquestionably natural for mankind. This creates a sense of sympathy on behalf of the reader, because it emphasises Jekylls lack of power and control over his actions, as well as explaining to the reader that the evil which is brought out of Henry Jekyll is not something that he is to blame for, instead that he is a victim of his own ambition and daring, as well as the ambition and aspirations of the society in which he lived. Another remark which shows this idea is, It was thus the exacting nature of my aspirations, than any particular degradation in my faults, that made me what I was, expressing the feeling of blamelessness in Jekyll, and thus the sympathy in the reader for him. Another way in which the reader is led to sympathise with Jekyll is the way in which Jekyll is tempted to become Hyde by his feelings of restriction and his desire to find pleasure, whilst keeping his life as Dr Henry Jekyll separate from this. In his account, Jekyll explains that, in becoming Hyde, he is free from the bonds of obligation and is able to, like a schoolboy, strip off these lendings and spring headlong into the sea of liberty. These quotations clearly show the immense need for freedom that Dr Jekyll faces, and the extent to which he is prepared to act in order to obtain this freedom. There seems, to me, to be a certain resemblance to the idea of sin and temptation in this element of the story. Jekyll clearly feels restricted by, and in, the world in which he lives, and the fact that he is aware of a way out of this world causes his inability to resist the temptation of taking the path to freedom. When he has experienced the freedom for the first time, he is unable to st op himself from using the potion in order to free himself from the burdens of society. The sympathy induced by Stevenson is not, however, limited to the character of Dr Jekyll. To a certain extent, Mr Hyde is worthy of some pity himself. The main way in which this applies is in relation to Hydes death and disappearance. Hyde commits suicide because he is afraid of being caught, and subsequently punished for his violent actions. If we are to believe that Hyde is evil incarnate, and that he possesses no element of good in his character, then the fact that he is unable to forgive himself his wrongdoings, and that he makes excuses for his actions, would seem to suggest that he cannot be seen as utterly ruthless, and thus in a sense he is weak. This inability to ignore his conscience, means, in my opinion, that he is not in fact entirely evil, and that the relationship between good and evil, and between Dr Henry Jekyll and Mr Edward Hyde, is not as defined as one might think, that there are shades of grey to be considered. I believe that this creates sympathy for Hyde, making him appear wretched and pitiful. Indeed, Dr Jekyll himself creates and expresses a certain degree of pity for Hyde, admitting that he cannot wholly condemn his actions, because he himself envies the way in which Hyde embraces his freedom. He says, But his love of life is wonderfulI find it in my heart to pity him The fact that even Jekyll feels pity for his wretched inner self merely serves to encourage similar feelings in the reader. In conclusion, I believe that Dr Henry Jekyll bravely sacrifices his own life in order to prevent the evil Edward Hyde from being free. In this sense, I feel that he shows another side of human nature which is almost entirely exclusive to Jekylls superego, the conscience. Jekyll shows an ability to consider the situation of others above himself, and importantly, an ability to recognise between good and evil.

Business Tycoons In And Of Pakistan History Essay

Business Tycoons In And Of Pakistan History Essay Masood Haider wrote article about the top businessmen currently operating in and of Pakistan. The basic objective of the research was to gain insights about the most famous and influential people who have particularly great influence on the economies of Pakistan. All people (tycoons) whether they are residing abroad, who have somehow contributed to the welfare of this country, have been highlighted. Each heading deals with particular tycoons and talks about their background and major achievements. The data presented in each one recognizes the fact that they are most influential people and surely worth calling business tycoons. BUSINESS TYCOONS IN AND OF PAKISTAN Short-listing Pakistans most influential business magnates or Groups has never been an easy task because they are the people who have been very powerful in nearly every regime that has held this countrys reins since the last 57 years and then we have had those seasonal species that maneuvered their voice to be heard better than most within the power corridors, but later vanished into the oblivion for one reason or the other. Following lists only those tycoons who have made their presence felt for a better part of countrys history, have earned consistently, have been setting up units at regular intervals or have been legends in stocks, currency or real estate business. Those possessing both these divine bounties in tandem are surely the chosen ones on this Earth. People have had mixed fortunes so you cannot single out any one for being the luckiest of all or vice versa. Success has never been on side of these tycoons throughout their lives, but whenever Lady Luck did knock at their do ors, it did so with a lot of conviction. Some of the top business tycoons are as follows: The Nishat Group Mian Muhammad Mansha Yaha is the captain of this splendid ship having around 30 companies on board. Mansha, who owns the Muslim Commercial Bank as well, is now setting up a billion rupee ($ 17 m) paper sack project too. He is one of the richest Pakistanis around. Nishat Group was countrys 15th  richest family in 1970, 6th in 1990 and Number 1 in 1997. Mansha is on the board of nearly 50 companies. Chinioti by clan, Mansha is married to Yousaf Saigols daughter. He is deemed to have made investments in many bourses, currency and metal exchanges both within and outside  Pakistan. He has had his share of luck on many occasions in life and has recently been awarded  Pakistans highest civil award by President Musharraf. He could have bought the United Bank too, but then who doesnt have adversaries. Nishat Group comprises of textiles, cement, leasing, and insurance and management companies. The Jang Group This huge media empire was founded by late Mir Khalil-ur-Rehman some six decades ago. Today, around 10 top newspapers and the multi-billion rupee GEO TV project are being run by Mir Shakeel-ur-Rehman, Mir Khalils brainy son, who has a lot of projects pertaining to real estate under his belt too. Though he can be very modest, Shakeel is known to have taken countrys Prime Ministers head-on. His tussle with Nawaz Sharif in 1999 spoke volumes of his unmatched influence in all domestic and international quarters which matter Shakeel is one of Asias most well known media barons, whose newspapers have served to be the breeding nurseries for countrys top journalists. He invests massively in stocks business regularly. His elder brother Mir Javed  ur  Rehman and tender son Mir Ibrahim also assist him in business. Such magnificent has been his influence that at times, a few governments have opted to take a few of his employees as ministers. The Packages Group The seed of this huge empire was sown by Syed Maratib All, a renowned supplier for British Army and the Indian Railways before partition. The group launched a joint venture with Lever Brothers soon after 1947, but massive production of Pakistan Tobacco Company later reportedly made Syed Maratib All and sons install a packaging Unit by the names of Packages. Two of Maratibs sons-Syed Amjad All and Syed Babar Au have remained  Pakistans finance Ministers and two of his well-known grand-children-Syeda Abida Hussain and Syed Fakhar Imam-are political stalwarts who need no recognition. Late Syed Amjad Ali was  Pakistans first Ambassador to the United Nations, while Syed Babar Ali is the force behind the establishment of the LUMS. The group owns Nestle  Pakistan  too which is being run by Syed Yawar Ali. Syed Babar Ali has also served as Chairman National Fertilizer Corporation during the Bhutto regime too and has been the Chairman of Hoeist  Pakistan, Lever Brothers and Siemens. The group also acquired a good number of Coca Cola plants in  Pakistan. Its famous brands include Nestle Milk Pak, Treet, Mitchells and Tri Pack Films. It has stakes in the textile, dairy, agriculture and rice Sectors too. The groups Contributions towards the cause of an independent  Pakistan  are unprecedented. The BahriaTown (Pvt) Limited Malik Riaz Hussain heads the massive project which is currently developing state-of-the-art schemes in  Lahore  and Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Though Malik Riaz may not be having a very renowned name in business circles, fact has it that the value of his land-holdings both within outside  Pakistan  amounts dozens of billions of rupees. Emerging out of the blue, this developer has reportedly developed tremendous connections where it matters in Pakistan-One of the few reasons why his constructed projects get completed in time without hindrance. Whether he has gifted bungalows free of cost to countrys bigwigs or offered them at highly concessional rates, the reality on the ground is that Malik has managed to mesmerize most through his generous wallet. Possessing no convincing financial background, Malik Riaz is known to have been benefited immensely-courtesy patronage of former Pakistan Navy chief admiral retired Mansoor ul Haq. Others say both Malik and the admiral had stuck a $ 20 0,000 deal but the man behind the  Bahria  Town  is least moved and irrespective of who is in power; he continues to build house after house-swelling his wealth. And then he is happy being a sponsor for many-welfare parties held under patronage of the ruling elite. Adamjee Group The seed of the formidable Adamjee Empire was sown by Haji Dawood in 1896 by establishing a commodity trading company. His son Sir Adamjee, Haji Dawood went out building a match factory, second largest of its kind then, in 1923 at  Rangoon(Burma). By 1947 Adamjee Group wan the biggest exporter of jute from  Calcutta. During Bhuttos nationalization, they lost the Muslim Commercial Bank stakes in the Mohammadi Steamship Company, leaving then with only Adamjee sugar Mills and Adamjee Cotton Mills,  Karachi. Today, they own the KSB pumps, besides having poured money in paper flooring, diesel engineering, construction centre, garments, general trading, insurance and chemicals etc. one of the biggest names in 1970s, the Adamjee some-how failed to keep hold on  Pakistans largest insurance companies. The Adamjee Insurance Company is one of them, which still has around 70% of countrys total insurance business is the most internationally reputed and accepted Pakistani company of its kind. Nawa-E-Waqt Group The Nizamis are the custodians of a highly influential media empire. Since media is now beginning to be classified as very serious business, Clout or this groups head Majid Nizami and that of his nephew Arif Nizami in nearly every sphere or the Pakistani society is being widely acknowledged. The impact this group has managed create on  Pakistans political scenario since 1947 is unprecedented too. The group runs two esteemed dailies-the Nawai-e-Waqt (Urdu) and The Nation (English). Besides publishing a few other monthlies and weeklies. They too are serious costumiers for an electronic media channel. Hailing from Sangla Hill, a youth Hameed Nizami (late) went out taking a paper that was badly needed by the Muslims of India during the Pakistan Movement. Hameed was a renowned student leader in the sub-continent who only gained proximity with the Quaid-c-Azam because of his distinct and selfless for an independent  Pakistan. Though Hameed died very young in 1962, he gave Majid Nizami a rich legacy to take care of. The youngest Nizami, Khalil, died some years ago and was also part of this illustrious group. Out of Hameed Nizamis three sons, Shoaib, Arif and Tahir only Arif has followed in his fathers footsteps and is the sitting President 0f All Pakistan Newspaper Society (APNS). Nizamis are a 60-year old entity too. The Monnoo Group The Monnoo dynasty was founded by two brothers-Dust Muhammad and Nazir Hussain in 19405 at  Calcutta. The first unit owned by the Monnoos was the Olympia Rubber Works. And then time saw the Monnoos setting up sonic 20 textile mills in succession. Former President Shahzada Alam Monnoo is the man behind the strength of this group-known more for its achievements in the textile sector. Munnoos have been a symbol of wealth during the last 65 years or so. Shahzadas brothers, Jahengir and Kaiser are assisting him in business, while silting APTMA Central Chairman Waqar Monnoo also hails from this magnificent group. The Dewan Group Dewan Yousaf Farooqui. The mentor of this group has been the Sindh Minister for Local Bodies. Industries, Labour, Transport, Mines Minerals. Holding of so many portfolios by a single man bears ample testimony to the fact that the Dewans keep a leg sticking in polities too. The Dewan Mushtaq Group is one of the  Pakistans largest industrial conglomerates in sectors like polyester acrylic fiber, manufacturing and automotives. Six of their companies are listed at the  Karachi stock Exchange and one at theLuxembourg  bourse. Dewan Farooqui Motors assembles around 10,000 cars annually under technical license agreement with Hyundai and Kia Motors of Korea The Dewan Salman Fiber is the pride of this empire as it ranks 11th  in the world in total production capacity. The group owns three textile units, a motorcycle manufacturing concern and the largest sugar unit in the country. Dewans also have business interests in  India. They possess dozens of millions of shares of Saudi Cemen t and Pak land Cement. They finance some 40 medical dispensaries and over a dozen schools, apart from funding roads/drinking water and Bio-energy infrastructures. Dewans arc on their way building a $ 1O million SME Resources with IFC investment of $ 3 million. The Dewans enjoy massive influence in the engineering sector. The Lakson Group The Lakhanis are currently having a hard lime at the hands of NAB. Sultan Lakhani and his three brothers run this prestigious group and the chain of McDonalds restaurants in  Pakistan. NAB has alleged the Lakhanis of having created phony companies through worthless directors and raised massive loans from various banks and financial institutions. Sultan is currently abroad after having served a jail term with younger sibling Amin, though the latter was released much earlier. NAB had reportedly demanded Rs 7 billion from Lakhanis, but later agreed they pay only Rs 1.5 billion over a 10-year period. Lakhanis, like their arch-rivals Hashwanis, are the most well-known of all Ismaeli tycoons. Their stakes range from media, tobacco, paper, chemicals and surgical equipment to cotton, packaging, insurance, detergents and other house-hold items, many of which are joint ventures with leading international conglomerates. Though Lakhanis are in turbulent waters currently, the success that greet ed them during the last 25 years especially has been tremendous. They have rifts with large business empires despite being known fur their genteel nature. Whether it is any government in Sindh or at the Federal level, Lakhanis have had trusted friends everywhere, though the present era has proved a painful exception. The Servis Group Shahid Hussain is the Chairman of this massive foot-wear giant which now is neck-deep in textile business too. Shahid has replaced Ch Ahmad Saeed (sitting PIA Chairman (as the Servis boss. Both Chaudhary Ahmed Saeed and President General Musharraf happen to be old friends from their  Forman  Christian  College  days. Ch. Ahmad Saeeds younger brother Chaudhary Ahmed Multhtar is a well-known Pakistan Peoples Party leader who has been the Federal Commerce Minister of  Pakistan  during one of the two tenures of two-time ex-Premier Benazir Bhutto. Ch. Ahmad Saeeds son Arif Saeed is Chairman APTMA Punjab and is siding with his Central Chief Waqar Munnoo against a huge number of textile gurus. The Servis Group operates in sectors like shoes, tyres, cotton yarn, leather, syringes and retailing. The political constituency of these politicians-cum-businessmen also happens in be the feud-ridden Gujrat district of Punjab where Ahmed Mukhtar sometimes emerges triumphant against Presid ent Pakistan Muslim League Ch. Shujaat Hussain, and at times loses the support of voters for a National Assembly seat. It is this proximity with various regimes that the Servis Group bus been rated so highly. And then, even if alleged for a white-collard crime, these Servis guys remain relatively comfortable-courtesy their clout as a political-cum-business family. Sir Anwar Pervez The King of British wholesale and founder and Chairman of the Bestway Group, Sir Anwar Pervez OBE is one of Britains wealthiest Asians. His stupendous rise to success remains one of the most fascinating and unlikely rags to riches stories. A real wealth-generator who has created his own business and a great deal of employment from scratch, Sir Anwar Pervez ushered in a wholesale revolution in Britain. In 2004, the Bestway Group was worth an estimated 320 million pounds. He inhabits a rarefied tier of success yet Sir Anwar Pervez is perfectly comfortable in my very basic office. He is soft-spoken and unfailingly courteous to all and only has a cup of tea after an hour of much insistence. I am immediately struck by his simplicity and want of ego. Not something you would expect from the founder of a multibillion pound empire. The most influential figure in British wholesale spent his childhood in a small and poor village near Rawalpindi where going to school proved to be a formidable challenge. I grew up in a very small village where there were no schools so I had to walk four miles to get to primary and middle school as a child of five, six, seven years old. It was not only me, the whole village had to do this as well. Good colleges were also a scarcity. In those days there were only two high schools. One was in Gujjar Khan which was 60 miles away from my home and the other was 38 miles away in Jhelum so I went to  Jhelum for my high school education it was a very difficult situation for people to study. But when I went to Jhelum, I had to stay there because for 38 miles there was no transport- there is still no proper transport today. Its a very neglected area. After completing High School from Jhelum, Sir Anwar went to England in search of better opportunities In 1963 he opened his first shop in Earls Court.  Sir Anwars foray into wholesale consolidated and led to exponential growth, firmly establishing him as the king of wholesale in the United Kingdom.  By supplying to retailers at more affordable prices, Sir Anwar helped to build up a trust and confidence within the wholesale-retail-consumer relationship by putting the customer first at every level, both as a retailer and as a member of the public. Sir Anwars investment experience in Pakistan has been interesting to say the least. He first started to seriously consider investing in Pakistan in 1991 during the Nawaz Sharif regime. In 1992 Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister. He started promoting Pakistan abroad and he invited all the overseas Pakistanis to Islamabad and I was very much convinced by his attitude. When I went from Pakistan to England, I didnt go as a refugee or as an immigrant; I went to find better opportunities. So I always wanted to come back but the situation was not that good. So for the first time he created a situation and I was very happy to come back. told in an interview. But Sir Anwars positive experience was to be short lived. Sir Anwar initially planned to invest in the textile sector and after acquiring land and opening a Letter of Credit, the textile sector suddenly slumped and he had to reconsider his investment options. Shami Ahmed Shami Ahmeds story is a rags-to-riches tale. But unlike the traditional groceries or restaurant businesses, his success is based on a canny exploitation of street cool. Ahmed developed the Manchester-based Joe Blogs fashion empire, whose baggy jeans became synonymous with the Madchester indie-dance scene of the late 80s. The style combined a street image with conspicuous consumption. The brand was endorsed by Take That and Prince Naseem, while an advertising campaign featured the worlds most expensive pair of jeans a pair of diamond-encrusted Joe Blogs jeans worth  £100,000. He became one of the richest young businessmen in Britain and a standard-bearer for Asian entrepreneurs, even taking time out to present Dosh, a Channel 4 series on how to get rich while still young. Fashion pundits have suggested that after building his success from the streets, he seeks a move upmarket. But earlier this year, he declined the opportunity to make a formal bid for Moss Bros after making three informal proposals to the board. Born in Pakistan, Ahmed moved to Britain with his family when he was two. They settled in Burley and he helped out on his parents market stall as a child. He left grammar school at 16 to set up a wholesale clothing business, Pennywise, with his father Nizam Ahmed, and founded Joe Blogs in 1986. His wealth is estimated at  £75m. Dr Shahid Masood Khan He is commonly known as Dr Shahid Masood, is one of the most famous Pakistani journalists, columnist, TV show host and a political analyst. Shahid Masood spent most of his childhood in Taif and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. His father was a civil engineer, who worked there for 15 years. He attended the Pakistan International School, Riyadh, for seven years. Two of his younger brothers were born in Saudi Arabia. He received an FSc from DJ Science College, Karachi, and subsequently attended Sindh Medical College receiving a MBBS degree. He had many honors. Firstly he had been affiliated with ARY One World, as its Senior Executive Director and was the chief of ARY One World conducting the show Views On News on ARY. Also he was host the most popular show Meray Mutabiq (According to me) on Geo TV as Group Executive Director. Furthermore he also parted ways with Geo TV for unknown reasons. He was then appointed the Chairman and Managing Director of state -run Pakistan Television Corporation. Howev er he resigned from that Chairman of PTV and was appointed as Special Advisor to the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani. Later he resigned again as Special Advisor to the PM and came back on the TV screen again with his popular talk showMeray Mutabiq on GEO TV. On June 3, 2010 Dr. Shahid Masood rejoins ARY Digital as President. Shahid Khan Is a Pakistani-born American businessman. He is the owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) and owner of automobile parts manufacturer Flex-N-Gate Corp. in Urbana, Illinois. Khan was born in Lahore, Pakistan, and moved to the United States when he was 16 to study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He said he spent his first night in a $2/night room at the Champaign YMCA and that his first job in the United States was washing dishes for $1.20 an hour. He joined the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at the school. He graduated from the UIUC School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering with a BSc in 1971. Khan worked at the automobile manufacturing company Flex-N-Gate while attending the University of Illinois. When he graduated he was hired as the engineering director for the company. In 1978, he started Bumper Works, which made car bumpers for customizing pickup trucks and body shop repairs. The transaction involved a $50,000 loan from the Small Business Loan Corporation and $16,000 in his savings. In 1980 he bought his former employer Flex-N-Gate, bringing Bumper Works into the fold. Khan grew the company so that it supplied bumpers for the Big Three automakers. In 1984 he began supplying a small number of bumpers for Toyota pickups. By 1987 it was the sole supplier for Toyota pick ups and by 1989 it was the sole supplier for the entire Toyota line in the United States. Toyota Sensei instruction drastically transformed the company efficiency and ability to change its manufacturing process within a few minutes. Since then the company has grown from $17 million in sales to an estimated $2 billion in 2010. By 2011, Flex-N-Gate had 12,450 employees and 48 manufacturing plants in the United States and several other countries, and took in $3 billion in revenue. Khan has received a number of awards from the University of Illinois, including a Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1999 from the Department of Mechanical Science and Industrial Engineering, the Alumni Award for Distinguished Service in 2006 from the College of Engineering, and (with his wife, Ann) the Distinguished Service Award in 2005 from the University of Illinois Alumni Association. Khans first attempt to purchase a National Football League team came in February 11, 2010, when he entered into an agreement to acquire 60 percent of the St. Louis Rams from Chip Rosenbloom and Lucia Rodriguez, subject to approval by other NFL owners. However, Stan Kroenke, the minority shareholder of the Rams, ultimately exercised a clause in his ownership agreement to match any proposed bid. On November 29, 2011, Khan agreed to purchase the Jacksonville Jaguars from Wayne Weaver and his ownership group subject to NFL approval. Weaver announced his sale of the team to Khan later that same day. The terms of the deal were not immediately disclosed, other than a verbal commitment to keep the team in Jacksonville, Florida. The sale was finalized on January 4, 2012. The purchase price for 100% share in the Jaguars is estimated to be $760 million. The NFL owners unanimously approved the purchase on December 14, 2011. The sale made Khan the first member of an ethnic minority ever to own an NFL team. Shahid Khans net worth is $ 2.5 billion dollars. Born in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Shahid Khan came to the United States in his late teens to attend the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigns School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. After graduating in 1971, he became the engineering director for Flex-N-Gate, an automobile manufacturing company. He subsequently started h is own company, Bumper Works, in 1978. His company specialized in car bumpers and became so successful, that he was able to purchase Flex-N-Gate. The larger company became the primary supplier of bumpers to the major car manufacturers in the United States, and then became the sole supplier for Toyota. It has since grown to 48 plants, employing over 12,000 people, and pulls in $3 billion per year. Shahid Khan recently became the majority owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars NFL team. The sale was finalized in mid-December 2011 and his ownership will go into effect in 2012.

Heat Transfer Within A Jacketed Reactor System

Heat Transfer Within A Jacketed Reactor System Modeling of heat transfer within a jacketed reactor requires basic knowledge on process heat transfer; reactor design etc. literature review sum up the fundamental on energy balance, method of overall heat transfer coefficient determination and basic understanding of crystallization. These are the basic methods which allow engineers to predict more accurate capabilities during chemical process as well as timing on the process. Introduction Heat transfer is important in agitated vessels due to fluid temperature is the most significant factor for controlling the outcome of chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical processes. [6] Jacketed agitated vessels for heating and cooling are commonly used in vary types of process applications. Engineers should have working knowledge of how heat transfer and temperature control principles applied to such vessels. Cooling or heating agitated liquid in vessels is a basic technological operation on the chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food and processing industries. The cooling or heating rate depends on how the heat is supplied or removed, the mixing intensity and many other parameters. [5] The temperature needs to be controlled precisely at its desired to meet the requirement of downstream operations. Hence a mathematical model is essential which can predict temperatures accurately. The rate of heat transfer to or from an agitated liquid mass in a vessel is a function of the physical properties of that liquid and of the heating or cooling medium, the vessel geometry, and the degree of agitation. [8] Other factors which may affect the rate of heat transfer include type and size of the agitator and agitator location in the vessel. Most of the jacketed agitated vessels are used as reactor, thus chemical reactions with exothermic or endothermic effects must be taken into account as well. In a vessel containing an agitated liquid, heat transfer takes place mainly through conduction and forced convection, as it does in heat exchangers. [8] Crystallization is a unit operation for separation and production of pure solid materials with desired properties. To develop a batch cooling crystallization process, various operation strategies need to be investigated in relation to seeding, cooling, mixing, fines dissolution, and so forth. [18] In commercial scale process, the reactor size grows larger. In this situation, various problems like ancillary nucleation, attrition, breakage, agglomeration, and dead zone may become severer in relation to the increasing inhomogeneities in the solution temperature and hydrodynamics. Literature Review Modeling of reactors is useful for analyzing data, estimating performance, reactor scale-up, simulating start-up and shut down behavior, and control. [12] Uncertainties such as scale-up options, explosion hazards, runaway reactions, environmental emissions, reactor internals etc, may be explored through modeling. [12] A key aspect of modeling is to derive the appropriate momentum, mass or energy conservation equations for the reactor. One typical application in heat transfer with batch operation is heating the process fluid in reactor, maintaining temperature during the reaction period and cooling the product after reaction complete. [11] Energy Balance The overall thermal energy balance includes the heat entering the system, heat leaving the system, heat accumulation and heat loss. The equation can be written as: In batch process, there is no liquid or fluid entering or leaving the system. If the system is assumed to be perfectly insulated, the energy balance equation can be simplified in: [7] By integration of both sides: For a batch manufacturing process, heat transfer in an agitated vessel is used to design a suitable process or reaction. It is necessary to calculate the time to heat or cool a batch or the cooling capacity required to hold an exothermic or endothermic reaction at constant temperature. [1] The technique is to develop an expression which is relating time for heating or cooling agitated batches to coil or jacket area, heat-transfer coefficient, and the heat capacity of the vessel contents. [11] By rearranging the energy balancing equation, the relevant equation to calculate time is as follow: This equation only can be used in where the utility fluid temperature remains constant or the fluid temperature difference between inlet and outlet is not greater than 10% of the log mean temperature difference between the average temperature of the jacket and the temperature of the vessels content. [8] Precisely, for heating and cooling condition, this equation must be represented in separately: For heating: For cooling If the situation is greater than 10% of the log mean temperature difference, the apply equation will be: W = the mass flow rate through the jacket, C = the specific heat of the fluid in the jacket K = Assumptions are made for solving energy balance equation [11] [17] U is constant for the process and over the entire surface Liquid flow rates are constant Specific heats are constant for the process The heating or cooling medium has a constant inlet temperature Agitation produces a uniform batch fluid temperature No partial phase changes occurs Heat losses are negligible Agitated vessel heat transfer coefficient Process side heat transfer coefficient can be determined by speed and agitator type. For low viscosity fluids, high-speed turbine type agitators will provide good performance. For high viscosity fluids and non-newtonian fluids, larger diameter agitators will be more suitable. [1] Various types of agitators are used for mixing and blending as well as to promote heat transfer in vessels. The correlations used to estimate the heat transfer coefficient to the vessel wall. [2] For agitated vessels: Where hv = heat transfer coefficient to vessel wall or coil, Wm-2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™-1 D = agitator diameter, m N = agitator, speed, rps (revolutions per second) Ï  = liquid density, kg/m3 kf = liquid thermal conductivity, Wm-1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™-1 Cp = liquid specific heat capacity, J Kg-1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™-1 ÃŽ ¼ = liquid viscosity, Nm-2s. The values of constant C and the indices a, b and c depend on the type of agitator the use of baffles, and whether the transfer is to the vessel wall or to coils. Some typical correlations are given below: [2] Flat blade disc turbine, baffled or unbaffled vessel, transfer to vessel wall, Re < 400: Flat blade disc turbine, baffled vessel, transfer to vessel wall, Re> 400: Overall heat transfer coefficient Most utility and process fluid will foul the heat transfer surfaces in an exchanger to a greater or lesser extent. The deposited material will normally have a relatively low thermal conductivity and will reduce the overall coefficient. Fouling factors usually are considered in determining the Overall heat transfer coefficient U. The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated in this way: Where ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ±s are the heat transfer coefficients for the process and utility side respectively. On the utility side, fouling resistance 1/ÃŽ ±f can be found from local experience or from Kern (1950). [1] Heat transfer utility fluid Syltherm 800 is a silicone heat transfer fluid. It is a highly stable, long-lasting silicone fluid designed for high temperature liquid phase operation. It exhibits low potential for fouling and can often remain in service for 10 years or more. The recommended using temperature range is. [15] Crystallization Crystallization occurs with generating a sufficient level of supersaturation. The method of generation of supersaturation is to provide heat transfer, which is used in cooling and evaporative crystallization processes. There are two essential steps for crystallization: nucleation and crystal growth. The problems of scale-up in crystallization process can be classified into induced, hydrodynamically induced, and mixes. For example, attrition, breakage, and agglomeration are related to solution mixing and are investigated from the hydrodynamic point of view. On the other hand, ancillary nucleation is caused by increased temperature gradient within the solution together with seed particles generated by attrition or fluid shear and can be considered as an example where the thermal and hydrodynamic effects are mixed. To improve the hydrodynamics deterioration during the scale-up, impeller type, agitation power, and baffle or draft tube design2,8,9 can be modified or newly designed as required. The thermal aspect improvement is performed by the heat transfer enhancement, but the remedies are limited because the heat transfer area to volume ratio decreases inevitably during the scale-up unless other techniques such as vacuum or evaporative crystallization is introduced. Methodology Calculation of time to heat or cool a fixed amount of liquid inside a batch reactor usually assume the process and utility heat capacity and the overall heat transfer coefficient to be constant throughout the calculations. Equations (liquid in jacket) heat input to reactor at T = heat loss by utility liquid with inlet temperature T1 and outlet temperature T2 Rearrange the equation to solve unknown jacket outlet temperature T2 The rate of temperature change of the liquid inside the vessel is given by Solving the above two equations to get process temperature as a function of time Finally, solving for time t where T = Tf Conclusion

Mans Ability to Adapt as Evidenced in To Sir With Love :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Man's Ability to Adapt as Evidenced in To Sir With Love    In the novel To Sir With Love various human characteristics are portrayed. Of these, the idea that humans are able to adapt and change their way of thinking seems to be demonstrated throughout the story. In the novel, both the teacher, Braithewaite, and his students end up going through many changes that ultimately result in their coming to change their way of thinking about each other. In life, as in this fictionalized account, the ability to adapt to the world around one's self is a very important trait. In my own life, this has occured on many occasions. Thus, it can be said that to be able to change and adapt ourselves and our ways at looking at things to our to our situations we are truly at advantage.   In the story, Braithewaite begins with a set of preconceived ideas about his students. He expects them to be unintelligent, rough, racially intolerant children with no future-hardly deserving of his respect. But, as he sees later, they are are the total opposites of his of his initial ideas. This is gradually shown through their actions, such as such as the students all going to visit the house of their black friend during his crisis, or their learning to treat each other with respect;they learned to address each other as their last names, inthe case of the boys, and "Miss", for the girls. For the students,they learned to respect and really learn from their teacher,something they had never cared to do before. Braithewaite helped them to break out of the the pattern of intolerance and roughness that society had placed them in. They began to respect themselves and then to respect others. In short, it was obvious that both the teacher and his students were able to adapt their way of thinking to their advantage;they did not get stuck in their original set of preconceived notions about each other. This is a key point of the novel, this idea that people can change their ways.   In my own experiences, I have ended up changing my ways as I have become wiser.

The Role of Music in Thomas Hardys Writing :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Role of Music in Thomas Hardy's Writing Music played a role of marked importance in the life of Thomas Hardy. Hardy was surrounded by a family and a community in which music enhanced everything from church services to social gatherings at the local alehouse. His family was full of active musicians; his father and grandfather were instrumentalists in local church bands, his uncle was a violin player, and his mother often sang traditional ballads. Like many village musicians, Hardy had the ability to read music and play the violin. Although he owned a written collection of music, Hardy, like other villagers, focused on an oral musical tradition. Hardy could play several hundred songs on the violin, and was exposed to countless others at family, village, and church gatherings. This music, and the rural tradition out of which it grew, were foundations on which Hardy built a literary identity. Through the incorporation of music into his works, Hardy strove to preserve the musical traditions of his familiar rural settings. In his prose, Hardy used music as a means to evoke emotional responses from his characters. The introduction of music into a lush, fertile nature, such as that described in chapter XIX of Tess of the d'Urbervilles, resulted in a heightened sensuality of the character. As Tess walked through the outskirts of the garden, the music of Angel's harp intensified both her physical and emotional states. In chapter VI of Far From the Madding Crowd, Gabriel Oak sought respite from his sorrow through "the sound of the well-known notes [that] cheered his own heart."(Hardy) By playing his flute in the malthouse, Gabriel shared his joy in music with the townspeople. Hardy incorporated a traditional piece of rural life into his novels using folk songs and church music. He presented folk music in Tess of the d'Urbervilles as a symbolic link between Tess's past and her present circumstances. Tess is reminded of a lullaby sung to her as a child as she is trying on her wedding gown. At that point she realizes the significance of the familiar tune with the current events in her life. In Under the Greenwood Tree, Hardy relied on traditional church hymns to develop the Christmas caroling scene with the Mellstock Church Choir. The tradition of caroling in these rural societies exemplifies the role of church music in the lives of the rustic people. Hardy extensively used music in both the structural composition and thematic development of his poetry.

Electric utility Essay

Doctor’s office – job shop or project. All patients do not require the same procedures, namely the service offered are custom in nature. Automatic car wash – assembly line flow. There is a linear sequence of operations common to all cars. College curriculum – can be any: Assembly line flow: if same curriculum is required of all students, batch: if curriculum is tailored to some degree, or project: if curriculum is tailored to individual students. Studying for an exam – project. The studying process is unique to each student for different, unique exams. Registration for classes – assembly line. All students must largely complete the same sequence of steps which vary little regardless of the program of study. Electric utility – continuous process as the product is highly standardized and can be automated to a great degree in order to better achieve a low unit cost. Q2. Why are assembly-line processes usually so much more efficient but le ss flexible than batch processes? Give three reasons. Reasons for efficiency, but less flexibility of the line than the batch process: a. Standardization of tasks b. Standard products c. Highly automated d. Specialized equipment e. Unskilled or semi-skilled labor Q3. The rate of productivity improvement in the service industries has been much lower than in manufacturing. Can this be attributed to process selection decisions? What problems would be involved in using more efficient processes in service industries? Yes, the rate of productivity improvement in the service industries can be partly attributed to process selection  decisions. Service industries typically select a batch or project process to provide customized service. This is usually less efficient than the assembly line or continuous process approach. The problems in using more efficient processes in the service industries are: Possible customer dissatisfaction with standardized product Need for extensive capital investment Need for high and stable volume, particularly without inventory Difficult to specify exact process sequence The customer can be involved in the process during production of the service and create unique demands or inefficiencies. Q6. Compare the expensive restaurant, fast-food restaurant, and cafeteria in terms of process characteristics such as capital, product type, labor, planning, and control systems. The project process, typically used for skyscraper construction, probably does lead to higher costs because the volume of skyscraper construction is low. To make a batch process preferred would require construction of some number of identical skyscrapers. This seems both unlikely and aesthetically undesirable. Perhaps, however, sections of skyscrapers could be standardized and produced by batch processes while still maintaining the appearance of unique buildings. This would be a modular approach to the problem. Q7. An entrepreneur is planning to go into the food business. How would he or she decide whether to open a cafeteria, fast-food restaurant, or fine restaurant? What factors should be considered in this decision? He would have to consider marketing operations, and financial aspects of the problem. The factors to be considered are: Cafeteria Fast Food Fine Restaurant Capital Requirements Heavy initial investment to set up cafeteria line. Low inventory. Medium initial investment, but higher inventory needs. Lower initial investment medium inventory. Market Conditions Need for large body of steady customers; mobile market. Inexpensive market. Competition very intense. Need for large and inexpensive market. Competition fairly intense. Need for expensive Less danger from competition. Labor Low skilled labor at low cost. Low skilled labor at low cost. Highly skilled cooks and waiters required. Technology Most risky. Less risky. Little risk. Q10. What are the strategies of the following organizations? Is the strategy defined in terms of product or process or both? McDonald’s. AT&T Telephone Co. General Motors. Harvard Business School. Distinctive Competence Product/Process McDonald’s Restaurant Fast, inexpensive, quality food, pleasant atmosphere . Product & Process AT&T Telephone Company Highest volume of calls Best technology Process Ge neral Motors Its reputation, number of dealers Product & Process Harvard Business School Case method Process Q12. A new business is considering starting up a new plant to produce low-volume, standard products. They are hoping that the business will grow and the products eventually will become successful and sell in high volumes. a. The business should consider using a batch process that is flexible enough to be modified into a line process when the products become successful and sell in high volume. b. The business should expect the need to invest more when it eventually uses a line process. It may be necessary to purchase special purpose equipment when the products sell in high volume for a long period of time. Lower skills, lower pay and more repetitive tasks may characterize the future labor force. Q1. Classify the following services by their degree of customer contact (high, medium, or low). Also, determine how much uncertainty the customer introduces into the system by the ability to make customized service demands (high, medium, or low). Check clearing in a bank. Bank teller. Bank loan officer. Customer contact customized service demands Check clearing in a bank Low Medium Bank teller High Low Bank loan officer Medium High Q5. Describe the service-product bundle for each of the following services: Hospital. Lawyer. Trucking firm. Trucking firm is tangible service – explicit service what the provider does for customer Hospital is psychological benefits – implicit service how customer feels after service Lawyer is physical goods – facilitating goods used during service or received by customer Q10. Why is the service-profit chain important to operations management? The service-profit chain model tries to link all the components required to make an organization successful. According to this model, a company that performs well in one aspect and poorly in another will eventually develop problems that affect the entire organization. This working model highlights the importance of the links between quality management, a good work force and exceptional service to the customer. Q14. How can we use the service matrix to improve service operations? The Service Process Matrix is a classification matrix of service  industry firms based on the characteristics of the individual firm’s service pr ocesses. The Service Process Matrix can be useful when investigating the strategic changes in service operations. In addition, there are unique managerial challenges associated with each quadrant of the matrix. By paying close attention to the challenges associated with their related classification, service firms may improve their performance. Also, the Service-System Design Matrix is a useful tool for understanding the different elements Service Design Matrix of a service system. Q16. What key factors are most firms seeking when they offshore services? Transaction-intensive services becoming commoditized. Professional services more commonly offshored High-end niche providers are globally dispersed Firms moving fast to scoop up global talent Collaboration and maintaining quality challenging with globally dispersed providers

Political-Legal Environment Affecting the Economy of an Industry

Political- legal environment is one of the economic environment that its development has strongly impacts on the marketing decisions of the company. The political environment consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Each factors of political environment has its own functions and impacts on the economic activities of the industry. The economic systems work best with at least some regulation.When an industry with well-conceived regulation, it can have more opportunities in competition and ensure fair market for goods and services. The public policy is a set of laws and regulations that the government makes to guide commercial or to limit business for the good of society as a whole. Almost marketing activites requires a wide range of laws and regulations to stable the system and help to make true marketing decisions.Legislation affect business around the world and it has increased steadil y over the years such as local-content laws, import restrictions, tax controls, price controls, labor problems. .etc†¦China is one of the Samsung market and it has many laws relates to some issues such as custom import and trading, foreign investment, information technology, pricing and etc†¦. o regulate the activites or the development of Samsung electronics industry in China, for example: Provisional Regulations on Trade Administration of Technology Introduction and Equipment Importation 1- 1996, Implementation Rules on Small-Volume Frontier Trade of Importing Machinery and Electronic Products, Notice on Policies for Reform and Adjustment of Import Tax  , Regulation on Administration of Organizations in Charge of Import or Machinery and Electronic Products in Localities and Departments at the Central Level†¦etc†¦ and through those laws, Samsung enterprises located in China must comply with all the articles of Chinese laws and all the regulations that they sig n together. The regulations are constantly changing and the marketer must work hard to keep up with changes in regulations and their interpretations.. . . Another example is the activites of Samsung electronics VietNam (SEV) in export and paying tax.According to some regulations and laws on taxes, the contributions to the budget through taxes including import or export taxes, value added tax (VAT) and environmental protection taxes. The political sanctions, which protect the companies from each other. Although business executives may praise competition, they sometimes try to neutralize it when it threatens them, so laws are passed to defined and prevent unfair competition. For example, Korean companies have been increasingly subject to the extraterritorial reach of foreign antitrust laws, in 2005, the US department of Justice(DOJ) imposed fines of $300 million on Samsung electronic, a Korean manufactuer of dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and its US subsidiary, Samsung semiconduct or, for participating in an international conspiracy to fix prices in the DRAM market.In addition, according to local reports, the Japan fair trade commission will fine affiliates of Samsung electronics an unprecented amount of several billion yen for price fixing. This was because their sale to subsidiaries of Japanese companies indirectly affected the Japanese market. The Japanese sanctions also protect the right of their authorities and consumers. Another example is the patent infringement between Samsung and Apple. According to US infringement law, US Court ordered  Samsung  to pay $1. 05 billion damages, after ruling that the South Korean firm infringed on some  Apple  patents in  patent infringement trial between Samsung and Apple.And after that, Samsung’s entire line of galaxy were banned in Europe such as the Galaxy S II the Galaxy Tab 7. 7†¦ The government regulation also help to protect the interests of society against unrestrained business behavior. For example, Samsung had been accused by  China Labor Watch  of countenancing illegal and even inhumane conditions at its factories in China, and the group noted that the workers' overtime at the facilities could reach or often times exceed 100 hours a month. Under current Chinese law, overtime is limited to 36 hours a month. After that, Samsung quickly moved to address the problem also further suggests that Samsung is taking this very seriously.

Growth of Fmcg Products in Rural Market

Certificate This is to certify that Ms. Vrushali Awachar of IBS Nagpur has submitted her report titled, â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in rural market† for the year 2009-2010 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the completion of practical study at the first semester of MBA programme. Place: Date: _ Preface As part of course in MBA for the first semester, we have to make a report based on sector analysis; which I am presenting is on Growth of FMCG products in rural market. This opportunity allows the students to study the real business environment and a consequent report further helps in improving on the communication and presentation aspects which are highly essential to be inculcated amongst Management students. This practical training at MBA programme develops a feeling about the difficulties and challenges in the business world. Only theory knowledge does not impart complete education. To fulfill these objectives these reports play an essential part in MBA programme. In this direction, I have tried my level best to analyze the various information obtained and have presented in a logical and understandable format. Acknowledgement I forward gratitude to respected Dean Sir of our Institute. I am heartily thankful to the management for providing me the opportunity to make a study of practical training in their organization. I express my sincere thanks to the staff of the unit who have given us all the information and who guided us. I am also thankful to Prof. Upal Sinha and Dr. Sarita Modak with whose help; the study was conducted and made possible they provided full guidance, cooperation and valuable suggestion about the Report. I am thankful to my college friends and all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report. With thanks†¦ Place: Nagpur Date: 28th/08/2009 Yours Sincerely, Vrushali Awachar 09BS0000502 Contents of the Report Table of Contents Certificate Preface Acknowledgement 1. Abstract Growth of FMCG products in Rural Market P. Balakrishna 2. Introduction Sales zoomed from 35,000 sachets to 12 lakhs. Initially they took any sachet but now they are restricted to Chik sachets. Now at present, rural market is one of the best opportunity and focusing sector for the major FMCG companies in India. Each and every company is set to invest a huge capital for competition in rural market. According to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the number of rural households using FMCG products has grown from 136 million in 2004 to 143 million in 2007,a clear indication that rural consumers are shifting from commodities to branded products. Urban consumers on the other hand could go slowly on FMCG expenses, thanks for inflation spiral, rise in fuel cost and costlier credit. Evidence suggest that for the first time, that the rural market has grown faster than the urban market in key product categories in April-May 2008, the latest months for which such information is available, according to market research firm NC Nielson. Market and Indian companies, in India. * To study the challenges faced by rural marketers in India. * To study the reasons of popularity of rural markets in India. 5. Need of the study To determine the demand of FMCG products in rural India. Know about the different choice of rural consumers. Rural and Urban potential _(table 1. Rural and urban population)_ _(Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER_ According to a study by Chennai-based Francis Kanoi Marketing Planning 7. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. e. if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets The following factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector: Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits &vegetables. India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are required for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. Labor cost comparison {draw:frame} (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source: www. equitymaster. com _ _Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. India's labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, after China & Indonesia. Low labor costs give the advantage of low cost of production. Many MNC's have established their plants in India to outsource for domestic and export markets. Presence across value chain Indian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to packaged goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul supplies milk as well as dairy products like cheese, butter, etc. 8. Indian FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest in the economy and has a market size of US$13. 1 billion. Well-established distribution networks, as well as intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments are the characteristics of this sector. FMCG in India has a strong and competitive MNC presence across the entire value chain. It has been predicted that the FMCG market will reach to US$ 33. 4 billion in 2015 from US $ billion 11. 6 in 2003. The middle class and the rural segments of the Indian population are the most promising market for FMCG, and give brand makers the opportunity to convert them to branded products. Most of the product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, shampoos, etc, in India, have low per capita consumption as well as low penetration level, but the potential for growth is huge. The Indian Economy is surging ahead by leaps and bounds, keeping pace with rapid urbanization, increased literacy levels, and rising per capita income. The big firms are growing bigger and small-time companies are catching up as well. According to the study conducted by AC Nielsen, 62 of the top 100 brands are owned by MNCs, and the balance by Indian companies. Fifteen companies own these 62 brands, and 27 of these are owned by Hindustan Lever. Pepsi is at number three followed by Thums Up. Britannia takes the fifth place, followed by Colgate (6), Nirma (7), Coca-Cola (8) and Parle (9). These are figures the soft drink and cigarette companies have always shied away from revealing. Personal care, cigarettes, and soft drinks are the three biggest categories in FMCG. Between them, they account for 35 of the top 100 brands. THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3: top 10 co. ’s) Source: Naukrihub. com The companies mentioned in Exhibit I, are the leaders in their respective sectors. The personal care category has the largest number of brands, i. e. , 21, inclusive of Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair and Lovely, Vicks, and Ponds. There are 11 HLL brands in the 21, aggregating Rs. ,799 crore or 54% of the personal care category. Cigarettes account for 17% of the top 100 FMCG sales, and just below the personal care category. ITC alone accounts for 60% volume market share and 70% by value of all filter cigarettes in India. The foods category in FMCG is gaining popularity with a swing of launches by HLL, ITC, Godrej, and others. This category has 18 major brands, aggregating Rs. 4,637 crore. Nestle and Amul slug it out in the powders segment. The food category has also seen innovations like softies in ice creams, chapattis by HLL, ready to eat rice by HLL and pizzas by both GCMMF and Godrej Pillsbury. This category seems to have faster development than the stagnating personal care category. Amul, India's largest foods company has a good presence in the food category with its ice-creams, curd, milk, butter, cheese, and so on. Britannia also ranks in the top 100 FMCG brands, dominates the biscuits category and has launched a series of products at various prices. In the household care category (like mosquito repellents), Godrej and Reckitt are two players. Goodknight from Godrej is worth above Rs 217 crore, followed by Reckitt's Mortein at Rs 149 crore. In the shampoo category, HLL's Clinic and Sunsilk make it to the top 100, although P's Head and Shoulders and Pantene are also trying hard to be positioned on top. Clinic is nearly double the size of Sunsilk. Dabur is among the top five FMCG companies in India and is a herbal specialist. With a turnover of Rs. 19 billion (approx. US$ 420 million) in 2005-2006, Dabur has brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real. Asian Paints is enjoying a formidable presence in the Indian sub-continent, Southeast Asia, Far East, Middle East, South Pacific, Caribbean, Africa and Europe. Asian Paints is India's largest paint company, with a turnover of Rs. 22. 6 billion (around USD 513 million). Forbes Global magazine, USA, ranked Asian Paints among the 200 Best Small Companies in the World Cadbury India is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery market with a 70% market share and is ranked number two in the total food drinks market. Its popular brands include Cadbury's Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Eclairs, and Gems. The Rs. 15. 6 billion (USD 380 Million) Marico is a leading Indian group in consumer products and services in the Global Beauty and Wellness space. 8. Outlook There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Again the demand or prospect could be increased further if these companies can change the consumer's mindset and offer new generation products. Earlier, Indian consumers were using non-branded apparel, but today, clothes of different bra nds are available and the same consumers are willing to pay more for branded quality clothes. It's the quality, promotion and innovation of products, which can drive many sectors. . 2 Sector Outlook Threats: 1. Removal of import restrictions resulting in replacing of domestic brands 2. Slowdown in rural demand Tax and regulatory structure The rural market may be alluring but it is not without its problems: Low per capita disposable incomes that is half the urban disposable income; large number of daily wage earners, acute dependence on the vagaries of the monsoon; seasonal consumption linked to harvests and festivals and special occasions; poor roads; power problems; and inaccessibility to conventional advertising media. However, the rural consumer is not unlike his urban counterpart in many ways. The more daring MNCs are meeting the consequent challenges of availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness (the so-called 4 As) The first challenge is to ensure availability of the product or service. India's 627,000 villages are spread over 3. 2 million sq km; 700 million Indians may live in rural areas, finding them is not easy. However, given the poor state of roads, it is an even greater challenge to egularly reach products to the far-flung villages. Any serious marketer must strive to reach at least 13,113 villages with a population of more than 5,000. Marketers must trade off the distribution cost with incremental market penetration. Over the years, India's largest MNC, Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, has built a strong distribution system which helps its brands reach the interiors of the rural market. To service remote village, stockists use autorickshaws, bullock-carts and eve n boats in the backwaters of Kerala. Coca-Cola, which considers rural India as a future growth driver, has evolved a hub and spoke distribution model to reach the villages. To ensure full loads, the company depot supplies, twice a week, large distributors which who act as hubs. These distributors appoint and supply, once a week, smaller distributors in adjoining areas. LG Electronics defines all cities and towns other than the seven metros cities as rural and semi-urban market. To tap these unexplored country markets, LG has set up 45 area offices and 59 rural/remote area offices. The second challenge is to ensure affordability of the product or service. With low disposable incomes, products need to be affordable to the rural consumer, most of whom are on daily wages. Some companies have addressed the affordability problem by introducing small unit packs. Godrej recently introduced three brands of Cinthol, Fair Glow and Godrej in 50-gm packs, priced at Rs 4-5 meant specifically for Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh — the so-called `Bimaru' States. Hindustan Lever, among the first MNCs to realise the potential of India's rural market, has launched a variant of its largest selling soap brand, Lifebuoy at Rs 2 for 50 gm. The move is mainly targeted at the rural market. Coca-Cola has addressed the affordability issue by introducing the returnable 200-ml glass bottle priced at Rs 5. The initiative has paid off: Eighty per cent of new drinkers now come from the rural markets. Coca-Cola has also introduced Sunfill, a powdered soft-drink concentrate. The instant and ready-to-mix Sunfill is available in a single-serve sachet of 25 gm priced at Rs 2 and mutiserve sachet of 200 gm priced at Rs 15. The third challenge is to gain acceptability for the product or service. Therefore, there is a need to offer products that suit the rural market. One company which has reaped rich dividends by doing so is LG Electronics. In 1998, it developed a customized TV for the rural market and christened it Sampoorna. It was a runway hit selling 100,000 sets in the very first year. Because of the lack of electricity and refrigerators in the rural areas, Coca-Cola provides low-cost ice boxes — a tin box for new outlets and thermocol box for seasonal outlets. The insurance companies that have tailor-made products for the rural market have performed well. HDFC Standard LIFE topped private insurers by selling policies worth Rs 3. 5 crore in total premia. The company tied up with non-governmental organizations and offered reasonably-priced policies in the nature of group insurance covers. With large parts of rural India inaccessible to conventional advertising media — only 41 per cent rural households have access to TV — building awareness is another challenge. Fortunately, however, the rural consumer has the same likes as the urban consumer — movies and music — and for both the urban and rural consumer, the family is the key unit of identity. However, the rural consumer expressions differ from his urban counterpart. Outing for the former is confined to local fairs and festivals and TV viewing is confined to the state-owned Doordarshan. Consumption of branded products is treated as a special treat or indulgence. Hindustan Lever relies heavily on its own company-organized media. These are promotional events organized by stockiest. Godrej Consumer Products, which is trying to push its soap brands into the interior areas, uses radio to reach the local people in their language. The key dilemma for MNCs eager to tap the large and fast-growing rural market is whether they can do so without hurting the company's profit margins. Mr. Carlo Donati, Chairman and Managing-Director, Nestle, while admitting that his company's product portfolio is essentially designed for urban consumers, cautions companies from plunging headlong into the rural market as capturing rural consumers can be expensive. Any generalization† says Mr Donati, â€Å"about rural India could be wrong and one should focus on high GDP growth areas, be it urban, semi-urban or rural. † ISIC 5211 retail sales in non-specialized stores ISIC 5219 other retail sale in non-specialized stores ISIC 5220 retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores ISIC 5231 retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and toilet articl es ISIC 5251 retail sale via mail order houses ISIC 5252 retail sale via stalls and markets ISIC 5259 whole sale goods Supplier industries for FMCGs include 1511 meat and meat products, 1512 fish and fish products, 1513 fruit and vegetables, 1514 vegetable and animal oils and fats, 1520 dairy products, 1531 grain mill products, 1532 starches and starch products, 1533 animal feeds, 1541 bakery products, 1542 sugar, 1543 cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery, 1544 macaroni, noodles, couscous, 1549 other food products, 1551 spirits; ethyl alcohol, 1552 wines, 1553 malt liquors and malt, 1554 soft drinks, mineral waters, 1600 tobacco products, 2101 pulp, paper and paperboard, 2102 corrugated paper, containers, 2109 other articles of paper and paperboard, 2424 soap and detergents, cleaning preparations, perfumes. 9. 1 Impulse to go Rural 1. Large Population (_Source: NCAER). _ 2. Rising Rural Prosperity twice as many ‘lower middle income’ households in rural areas as in the urban areas. Distribution of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (Source:NCAER) against is Rs. 3,500 crores in rural India . 3. Growth in Market 4. Effectiveness of Communication 5. IT Penetration in Rural India Into rural India, the possibilities of change are becoming visible. 6. Impact of Globalization FMCG Products and Categories – In recent years, rural markets of India have acquired significance, as the overall growth of the Indian economy has resulted into substantial increase in the purchasing power of the rural communities. On account of green revolution, the rural areas are consuming a large quantity of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context, a special marketing strategy, namely, rural marketing has emerged. Rural India with its traditional perception has grown over the years, not only in terms of income, but also in terms of thinking. The rural markets are growing at above two time’s faster pace than urban markets; not surprisingly, rural India accounts for 60% of the total national demand. Today, rural market occupies a larger part of our economy and it is expected to grow at least four times the existing size. Another contributing factor for rural push was growing saturation in urban markets. To be precise, rural marketing in Indian economy covers two broad sections: 1. Selling of agricultural products in the urban areas 2. Selling of manufactured products in the rural regions In present situation, our huge population is helping marketers to think new marketing strategies. 630 Billion rural populations are greater than total consuming markets of many countries like Canada, South Korea, etc. Tapping the rural market is one of the most important marketing strategies followed by various MNCs and Indian companies now-a-days. A number of companies in FMCG, consumer durables as well as telecom sector have adapted strategies to expand their base in rural market. Among those who have already taken remarkable initiative in rural market are HLL, Colgate, LG Electronics, Philips, BSNL, LIC, Britannia and Hero Honda. Rural Marketing in simple word is planning and implementation of marketing function for rural areas. Rural marketing has been defined as the process of developing, pricing, promoting, distributing rural specific products and services leading to exchange between urban and rural markets which satisfies consumer demands and also achieves org. objective. Of the two million BSNL mobile connections, 50% are in small towns / villages. Of the six lakh villages, 5. 22 lakh have a Village Public Telephone (VPT). 42 million rural households are availing banking services in comparison to 27 million urban households. Investment in formal savings instruments: 6. 6 millions households in rural and 6. 7 million in urban India. Large Population: Approximately 75% of India's population resides in around 6,38,365 villages of India spread over 32 lakh square kilometer. 41% of India's middle class resides in rural areas. Higher Purchasing Capacity: Purchasing power of rural people is on rise; Market Growth: Market is growing at a rate of 3-4% per annum. The journey of markets to the rural markets has indeed been one of surmounting one hurdle after another; these include the 4 As – Availability, Affordability, and Acceptance & Awareness – adopting themselves to the rural atmosphere marketers. So, in the context of growth aspects of the Rural markets and their adoption and application by major MNCs and Indian companies, I want to take this Project as my Research Project so that I could go in to the in-depth study of the rural markets- their future scope, challenges etc. in the context of India Rural markets are future battlegrounds' Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The very nature of economic activities of rural market extending the provision of quality access to financial solutions is vital for the development of people residing in rural areas†. * Khan N. A. , B uilding Competitiveness in Small-Scale and Rural Industries in India; Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The significance of competitiveness in the rural marketing was neglected for a long time in India, but now it is being recognized†. {draw:frame} It is interesting to note that consumers will almost always buy exactly what they put on their shopping list. If they write down flour, they are going to buy flour. What do you think will happen if they write Gold Medal Flour on their list? Getting the consumer to write your brand name on their shopping list almost guarantees they will buy your product instead of your competitors, but how do you get them to do that? The simple answer is continued brand advertising overtime. This helps cement your brand with consumers, but where do you advertise? Having your advertisements running next to the online recipes that mention your product will certainly build brand awareness. Especially since the consumer is usually looking at related recipes while they are planning their trip to the grocery store. Of course, you could even take that whole concept a step further by providing the recipes on your website where you could also provide the shopping list for that recipe complete with your products brand name. Think of the possibilities†¦Some consumers don’t write their shopping list down or maybe their printer is out of ink. What would happen if they could get that branded recipe or shopping list sent right to their cell phone by email or sms text? How about a branded iPhone application that would allow the consumer to look up the recipe and download their shopping list right in the grocery store while they are trying to decide â€Å"what’s for dinner? † The possibilities are endless once you start thinking outside the box of conventional advertising and meet the consumer right where they live. Technology is becoming more and more integrated with our lives and the consumer is using the internet and their cell phones to help them with just about everything including planning their meals and grocery shopping list. FMCG ( fast moving consumer goods ) is a great career opportunity for any professional worth his salt. The success in the sales and marketing division of any FMCG company will depend on great team work. The results are almost directly proportionate to the effort of the field personnel. As the classic saying goes in cricket the longer you stay in the middle the chances of scoring more runs is inevitable unless he is a Boycott type of batsmen. Similarly the more the field work put in by the field staff the greater the results in terms of volume in general. The flip side is that the wholesale channel of distribution is highly unpredictable. They attract customers based on the simple premise that they sell it cheaper when compared to company recommended billing price to retailer. How does the wholesale sell cheap, by the virtue of their volume purchase they manage to get better discounts, which is primarily cash discount. If they get 2 percent discount they pass on 11/2 percent to the retailer, which obviously explains the deep discount. Many a times some wholesaler go to the extent of selling even below the cost price, they discount the schemes and packing material cost, which is the precise deep discount which in whole parlance is also known as undercutting. Many company personnel are baffled by this phenomenon. {draw:frame} Merchandising: This aspect of sales promotion is ignored by most companies. But in today’s modern trade context, special sales team is deployed to ensure Merchandising on the shelves. P & G always believe in merchandising their product at prominent and eye catching level. The company used to buy the shelf space for a period of time by paying monthly rental to the shopkeeper. In this manner they established Gillette range against stiff competition from Malhotra blades. Many of the Mega Malls bargain for higher rentals from companies for hiring out their shelf space. In fact some malls collect as much as rent as possible to cover all the overheads in running the establishment. Jo dikta hai woh bikta hai seems to be the philosophy of most street smart sales team. 13. 1 Rural FMCG sales outrun towns FMCG growth (in value terms) in rural markets has far outpaced the sector's growth in urban markets during the first nine months of the current financial year. Though rural markets are growing from a smaller base, the numbers are stark. In the case of chyavanprash, the whole of urban market has shrunk, while the rural market has grown as much as eight per cent. â€Å"This is a new trend. Normally we do not see rural India dominating all categories,† said an FMCG analyst. Successive good monsoons and a corresponding growth in farm income have raised the purchasing power of rural households. This, in turn, has fuelled FMCG sales growth in rural markets. Products that have seen significant growth in rural markets include toothpaste, hair oils and shampoos. Shampoo sales in rural India, for instance, have gone up by 30. 8 per cent compared with just 11 per cent in urban areas. Kunal Motishaw, analyst, Equitymaster, pointed out, â€Å"The rural hinterland is more attractive for FMCG companies compared with tier I and II cities as penetration levels are drastically lower for numerous products, unlike urban markets which are highly saturated. † According to Dabur India CEO Sunil Duggal, while the figures may speak of value growth (because there has been no significant change in prices or the product mix in rural markets), in most cases these are also indications of a growth in volumes. HK Press, executive-director and president, Godrej Consumer Products, said as far as the company's products were concerned, the sales of soaps and hair colors had grown substantially in rural markets in the October-December quarter. 13. 2 The five rupee FMCG lure {draw:frame} The colas may have jettisoned the paanch strategy but a host of branded products are now realizing the importance of being present at the Rs 5 price point. Although brands such as Pepsodent, Maggi, Clinic Plus and Rin have been communicating, through ads, their availability at this price, the phenomenon isn't limited to any specific category: products such as pens, razors, fruit drinks and adhesive tubes too are on the bandwagon, with the price prominently displayed on their packs. A HLL spokesman says the ready availability of the five-rupee coin has been an advantage; but that isn't the only plus. The offerings mirror consumers' buying behavior: many consumers are not so concerned about grammage as much as price, he says. A relatively bigger pack, compared to the Re 1 and Rs 2 ones, also give consumers enough opportunities to try out the brand, says he, while declining to comment about the impact on volumes and margins. Some of the brands that HLL sells for Rs 5 are Pepsodent, Pond's Talc, Pond's Cold Cream, Rin, Taaza, Fair & Lovely, Clinic Plus and Lux. Mr K. Radhakrishnan, Vice-President, FoodWorld Supermarkets, sees growth in the user-base of brands that have introduced such packs. â€Å"Category penetration is the aim. Coke and Pepsi have hugely succeeded in achieving this over the past year,† though much of the gain was lost due to the pesticide issue. The consumer-base for soft drink increased from 160 million in 2002 to 240 million in 2004, a two-year period during which the Rs 5-price point remained in force. The Coca-Cola India President and CEO, Mr. Sanjiv Gupta, says: â€Å"The first half of this year has been good but growth has not been what it was in the same period last year. We continue to make money on Rs 5 pricing but now the quantum of money I make per bottle is squeezed. † And this squeeze, brought about by a two per cent cess and higher input costs, has forced cola companies to hike prices by a rupee each on 200 ml and 300 ml pack sizes. And though the colas no longer sell for Rs 5, they have played a big role in sensitizing the consumer to the price-point, says marketing professional Ms Sangita Joshi, who reckons the Rs 5 packs to play an important role in spurring impulse purchases as well as giving a brand the first-mover advantage in a competitive market. Adds Mr. R. Subramanian, Director of discount chain, Subhiksha: â€Å"The small packs will increase user base and usage occasion and can explode the market. † He makes the point that it's more likely that a customer will guzzle a soft drink three separate times when it costs Rs 5 or Rs 6 a bottle than have a single shot at 600 ml of the cola at Rs 15. According to industry observers, the price point will also help branded FMCG categories which are battling fakes from the unorganized sector. 14. Share of FMCG sector showing a receding trend in Television as well as Press over the past four years: an AdEx India Analysis  · In the year 2003, the FMCG sector had a share of 27% in total print and TV advertising contributing 24760 million out of the total advertising of 90520 million.  · Share of FMCG in total advertising (TV Press) has shrunk by 11 percentage points in the past four years  · Share of FMCG advertising in TV has declined from 57. 6% to 48. 7%, while the same for press has come down from 12. % to 7. 9% during the four year period.  · The share has decreased considerably for major categories like aerated drinks and toilet soaps. It is common knowledge that the advertising pie for press and television has shown a steady increase over the past half a decade. However, the following chart presents certain facts that wo uld be a revelation to quite a few of us. The proportion of ad spends by the FMCG sector has been consistently declining over the past four years. The contribution of FMCGs to total advertising has come down by 11 percentage points during the four-year period. {draw:frame} (Fig. 6 contribution of FMCG) (Source: Adex india) A similar trend was witnessed across both the media – Television and Press. While the contribution of FMCG advertising to total TV spends has diminished from a healthy 57. 6% in 2001 to 48. 7% in 2004 (Till May 15th), the press component of FMCG industry has shrunk from 12. 2% in 2001 to 7. 9% in 2004. {draw:frame} (Fig. 7 source: adex india) {draw:frame} (Fig. 8 source: adex india) LOne crucial point to be noted is that although the total ad spends incurred by the FMCG sector have gone up, it has still not been able to match the pace with which the total pie has grown. One important reason for this is the ever increasing ad spends by new-economy sectors like services, lectronics and automotives, a phenomenon that we would study in detail in the forthcoming special newsletters from AdEx India {draw:frame} (Fig. 9 source: adex india) Now, let us have a closer look by splitting up the various categories within the FMCG sector. The category within the FMCG sector that has pulled down the total share the most has clearly been Food and beverages. The category that used to account for a chunk of TV & press advertising at 45. 5% in 2001 now accounts for 42. 6% while â€Å"Others† mentioned in the above chart has also gone down from 6. 7% in 2001 to 4. 1% now. This category of â€Å"others† consists of such advertisers as tobacco, liquor, OTC products, etc. The â€Å"Personal care† segment was also showing a receding trend from 2001 to 2003, but it has improved during the first five months of 2004, a trend which may well not continue till year-end. {draw:frame} (Fig. 10 source: adex india) Now, let us look at one major sub-category from each of the main FMCG categories – F, Home care & Personal care. The following chart shows some of the traditional advertising heavyweights in the FMCG sector whose share has shrunk as a percentage of total spends over the past four years. The chart shown above throws up certain interesting numbers, especially in relation to aerated drinks advertising. While the popular perception would be that the cola giants have upped their spends in the recent years, the numbers suggest that their advertising has not grown as fast as some of the other advertisers. The â€Å"Oral care† segment comprising of advertisers like toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, etc has also declined considerably from a proportion of 7. 6% in 2001 to 6. 1% in 2004 (up to May). Similarly, Toilet soaps and face wash advertisers also been contributing progressively lesser to the total advertising in recent times, with the proportion going down to a level of 7. 8% in 2003 as compared to 10% in 2001. Finally, to reiterate the main point, it is possible that total spends for a certain category might have gone up over the four year period. But a decreasing share in spite of increasing spends reflects the fact that the category hasn’t grown as fast as some of the other heavy-spending categories. The forthcoming special newsletter from AdEx India would attempt to throw some light on some of these booming categories. 15. Company experiences in Going Rural According to a study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research 16. Rural Vs Urban Consumers – Challenges Conclusion After analyzing the various data I have reached to a conclusion that HUL’s products are most known and popular brand in context of home FMCG products in rural market followed by Dabur, ITC and P. Because of huge product line, cheaper cost and brand loyalty, good publicity and advertisement, the rural consumers generally prefers the products of HUL in all segments. Except it, people prefer for good quality and comparatively low price of products. Recommendation The rural market is very large compared to urban market as well it is more challenging market. The consumer wants those products which are long lasting, good, easy to use and cheaper. The income level of rural consumer is not as high as income level of urban consumer’s that’s why they want low priced products. So, we can say that that’s the reason why sell of sachet is more in rural area in all segments. Its necessary for all major FMCG companies to provide those products which are easy to available and affordable to consumers. It is right that the profit margin is very low in FMCG products, but at the same time market size is quite larger in the rural area. The companies can reduce their prices by cutting down the cost on packing. Application of 4A* is also a major task for all the big players in this segment. 19. Bibliography For my Report on â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in rural market† I have referred to the following sites – Websites (Search engines) www. assocham. org www. equitymaster. com www. exchange4media. com www. wikipedia. com www. business-standard. com www. thehindustanbusinessline. com www. economictimes. com www. google. com www. marketerstoday. com www. ncaer. com www. statisticaloutlineofindia. com 20. Declaration I, hereby declare that the Report titled â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in Rural market† is original to the best of my knowledge & has not been published elsewhere. This is for the purpose of partial fulfillment of Dehradun University for the award of degree of the Master of Business Administration. (Vrushali Awachar) En. No. 09BS0000502 1st Semester IBS, Nagpur 21. Annexure Rural and Urban potential (table 1. Rural and urban population) (Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER {draw:frame} (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source: www. equitymaster. com) THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3: top 10 co. ’s) Source: Naukrihub. com (Table 4 % Distribution) (Source : NCAER). Distribution of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (Source:NCAER) Contribution to press and ad {draw:frame} Contribution to total ad {draw:frame} {draw:frame}